ON THE HISTORY AND FORMATS OF OMBUDSMEN SPECIALIZATION

The author examines the history of the specialized ombudsmen development in foreign countries and in the Russian Federation. The attention is paid to the first types of the ombudsmen specialization and on the role of the Vienna Declaration and Program of Action 1993 in establishing of specialized institutions. The modalities of specialization of ombudsmen in the form of integrated or separate institution are described providing advantages and disadvantages of each modality. The analysis of each modality is supported with examples of existing institutions of specialized ombudsmen in foreign countries. Examples of transition from one format of specialized ombudsmen to the other one are examined based on the foreign countries experience.

specialized ombudsman, children’s rights ombudsman, commissioner for armed forces, entrepreneurs rights ombudsman, national institution for protection of human rights, classical ombudsman, history of specialized ombudsmen development, modalities of specialization, integrated institutions, Vienna Declaration and Program of Action, human rights.

Kalinina E. G. On the history and formats of ombudsmen specialization // Business. Education. Law. Bulletin of Volgograd Business Institute. 2016. No. 2 (35). P. 220–225.