THE IMPACT OF SANCTIONS AND RESTRICTIVE MEASURES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ECONOMY OF AN EXCLAVE REGION OF RUSSIA

Article examines the economic development of an exclave region under external restrictions and barriers. These conditions pose one of the biggest challenges for an exclave territory, particularly in an unstable geopolitical environment. This issue is particularly relevant when examining the functioning of economic sectors, particularly the transport system, in a region geographically separated from the mainland. The Kaliningrad Region, as a Russian exclave, presents a unique case for studying mechanisms for overcoming restrictive measures. The region, covering an area of 15,100 square kilometers and with a population of approximately one million, is located between Lithuania and Poland, with access to the Baltic Sea. The lack of direct land links with mainland Russia creates multiple challenges for ensuring the availability of resources and components for economic development, as well as for the region’s transport connectivity. The study period covers key stages of escalating restrictions, beginning in 2020 and focusing on the period after February 2022. Key attention is paid to the availability of connections between other parts of the Russian Federation and the Kaliningrad Oblast, as well as the crisis in transit transport through Lithuania and Poland, which has jeopardized the region’s supply of critical goods, from equipment to consumer goods, and triggered a wave of inflation. It is demonstrated that, despite significant costs, the exclave’s location has become a catalyst for structural change. Positive developments are identified, including an accelerated reorientation of logistics flows to maritime transport and increased interregional cooperation with other constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

exclave region, economic sector, restrictions and barriers, logistics corridor, infrastructure, port capacity utilization, maritime transport, road transport, rail transit, air travel, freight transport

Sapon A. S. The impact of sanctions and restrictive measures on the development of the economy of an exclave region of Russia. Biznes. Obrazovanie. Pravo = Business. Education. Law. 2025;4(73):187—193. DOI: 10.25683/VOLBI.2025.73.1453.